Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. Once appointed, Justices effectively other than the Chief Justice of the United States The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. The position is also commonly referred to as the. The number of Associate Justices is determined by the United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.

Associate Justices, like the Chief Justice, are nominated by the President of the United States The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the Vice President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the lower house being the House of Representatives. The composition and powers of the Senate and the House are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution . Each U.S state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered by majority vote. This is provided for in Article II Article Two of the United States Constitution creates the executive branch of the government, comprising the President and other executive officers of the Constitution, which states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent Advice and consent is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts, describing a situation in which the executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch of the Senate, shall appoint...Judges of the supreme Court."

Article III Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress of the Constitution specifies that Associate Justices, and all other United States federal judges In the United States, the title of federal judge usually means a judge appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate in accordance with Article III of the United States Constitution "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior." This language means that the appointments are effectively for life A life tenure or lifetime tenure is a term of office that lasts for the office holder's lifetime, unless the office holder is removed from office under extraordinary circumstances. Judges and certain members of some senates or upper chambers most commonly have life tenure. The primary goal of life tenure is to insulate the officeholder from, ending only when a Justice dies Death is the termination of the biological functions that define a living organism. The word refers both to a particular process and to the condition that results thereby. The nature of the latter has been for millennia a central concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical enquiry. Belief in some kind of afterlife or rebirth in office, retires Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely . A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours. Many people choose to retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits, although some are forced to retire when physical conditions don't allow the person to work any more (by illness or accident). In most, or is removed from office following impeachment Impeachment in the United States is an expressed power of the legislature that allows for formal charges against a civil officer of government for crimes committed in office. The actual trial on those charges, and subsequent removal of an official on conviction on those charges, is separate from the act of impeachment itself by the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as the "House," is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, the upper house being the United States Senate and conviction by the Senate.[1]

Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice. However, in drafting opinions, the Chief Justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion. Otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. Furthermore, the Chief Justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. The Chief Justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other Justices do not, and is paid somewhat more ($217,400 compared with $208,100 as of 2009[update][2]).

Associate Justices have seniority by order of appointment, although the Chief Justice is always considered to be the most senior. If two justices are appointed on the same day, the older is designated the senior Justice of the two. Currently, the senior Associate Justice is John Paul Stevens John Paul Stevens is the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He joined the Supreme Court in 1975 and is the oldest member of the Court. He was appointed to the Court by Republican President Gerald Ford. Stevens is widely considered to be on the liberal side of the court. Ford praised Stevens in 2005: "He is. By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. If there is a knock at their conference room door, the junior justice (who sits closest to the door) must answer it.

Under 28 USC This part establishes criminal procedure and civil procedure for the federal courts. The Supreme Court, pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act and upon recommendations from the Judicial Conference of the United States, promulgates the more detailed Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.

The current Associate Justices are (in order of seniority):

Contents

Retired Associate Justices

Contrary to popular belief, a Justice who steps down from the Court continues to be a member of it. When a Justice retires, he or she usually goes into senior status Senior status is a form of semi-retirement for United States federal judges. After federal judges have reached a certain combination of age and years of service on the federal courts, they are allowed to assume senior status. A judge must be at least 65 and have served for 15 years to qualify, with one less year of service required for each, which means that the Justice keeps his or her title, and may serve by assignment on panels of the Federal Circuit Courts of Appeals (as Lewis F. Powell, Jr., did for several years). Retired Justices may choose to keep a chamber in the Supreme Court building, as well as to employ law clerks. The names of Retired Associate Justices continue to appear alongside the other active members on the Bound Volumes of Supreme Court decisions. However, Retired Associate Justices take no part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court.

Currently, there are two Retired Associate Justices: Sandra Day O'Connor Sandra Day O'Connor is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981, who assumed senior status on January 31, 2006, and David H. Souter, who assumed senior status on June 29, 2009.

List of Associate Justices

Number Nominee Replacing Date of Senate Confirmation President
1 John Rutledge John Rutledge was an American statesman and judge. He was the first Governor of South Carolina following the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the 31st overall. For a time, he held dictatorial powers in that state. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and he signed the United States Constitution. He served as an Associate (new seat) September 26, 1789 Washington George Washington served as the first constitutional President of the United States from 1789 to 1797, and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. His role in the revolution and subsequent independence and formation of the United States was significant, and is seen by Americans as the "*
2 William Cushing (new seat) September 26, 1789
3 James Wilson James Wilson was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Wilson was elected twice to the Continental Congress, and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. A leading legal theoretician, he was one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington (new seat) September 26, 1789
4 John Blair (new seat) September 26, 1789
5 James Iredell James Iredell was one of the original Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President George Washington and served from 1790 until his death in 1799. His son, James Iredell, Jr., became governor of North Carolina (new seat) February 10, 1790
6 Thomas Johnson[1] Rutledge November 7, 1791
7 William Paterson William Paterson was a New Jersey statesman, a signer of the U.S. Constitution, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, who served as the 2nd governor of New Jersey, from 1790 to 1793 Johnson March 4, 1793
8 Samuel Chase Samuel Chase was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. Early in life, Chase was a "firebrand" states-righter and revolutionary. His political views changed over his lifetime and in the last decades of his career Blair January 27, 1796
9 Bushrod Washington Bushrod Washington was a U.S. Supreme Court associate justice and the nephew of George Washington Wilson December 20, 1798 J. Adams John Adams was an American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797) for two terms. He was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States*
10 Alfred Moore Alfred Moore was a distinguished North Carolina judge who became a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Moore Square, a park located in the Moore Square Historic District in Raleigh, North Carolina was named in his honor. Moore was buried at the St. Philip's Church near Wilmington Iredell December 10, 1799
11 William Johnson Moore March 24, 1804 Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great "
12 Henry Brockholst Livingston Henry Brockholst Livingston was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the Supreme Court of New York and eventually an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Paterson December 17, 1806
13 Thomas Todd (new seat) March 2, 1807
14 Gabriel Duvall Chase November 18, 1811 Madison James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States
15 Joseph Story Joseph Story was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1845. He is most remembered today for his opinions in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee and United States v. The Amistad Cushing November 18, 1811
16 Smith Thompson[1] Livingston December 9, 1823 Monroe James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last Founding Father of the United States, the last one from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation to become the U.S. President. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively
17 Robert Trimble Todd May 9, 1826 J. Q. Adams John Quincy Adams was the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1829. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John
18 John McLean John McLean was an American jurist and politician who served in the United States Congress, as U.S. Postmaster General, and as a justice on the Ohio and U.S. Supreme Courts, and was often discussed for the Whig and Republican nominations for President Trimble March 7, 1829 Jackson His legacy is now seen as mixed, as a protector of popular democracy and individual liberty for American citizens, checkered by his support for slavery and Indian removal. Renowned for his toughness, he was nicknamed "Old Hickory". As he based his career in developing Tennessee, Jackson was the first president primarily associated with*
19 Henry Baldwin Henry Baldwin was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from January 18, 1830, to April 21, 1844 Washington January 6, 1830
20 James Moore Wayne Johnson January 9, 1835
21 Philip Pendleton Barbour Duvall March 15, 1836
22 John Catron (new seat) March 8, 1837
23 John McKinley John McKinley was a U.S. Senator from the state of Alabama and an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (new seat) September 25, 1837 Van Buren Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. Before his presidency, he served as the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president who was not of
24 Peter Vivian Daniel Barbour March 2, 1841
25 Samuel Nelson Thompson February 14, 1845 Tyler John Tyler, Jr. was the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor
26 Levi Woodbury[1] Story January 31, 1846 Polk James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented the state of Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841) before becoming
27 Robert Cooper Grier Baldwin August 4, 1846
28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis[1] Woodbury December 20, 1851 Fillmore Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He became the second Vice President to assume the presidency after the death of a sitting president when he succeeded Zachary Taylor, who died of acute gastroenteritis. Fillmore was never elected
29 John Archibald Campbell McKinley March 22, 1853 Pierce Franklin Pierce , an American politician and lawyer, was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He has been the only President from New Hampshire
30 Nathan Clifford Curtis January 12, 1858 Buchanan
31 Noah Haynes Swayne McLean January 24, 1862 Lincoln*
32 Samuel Freeman Miller Daniel July 16, 1862
33 David Davis Campbell December 8, 1862
34 Stephen Johnson Field (new seat) March 10, 1863
35 William Strong Grier February 18, 1870 Grant*
36 Joseph Philo Bradley (new seat) March 21, 1870
37 Ward Hunt Nelson December 11, 1872
38 John Marshall Harlan Davis November 29, 1877 Hayes
39 William Burnham Woods Strong December 21, 1880
40 Thomas Stanley Matthews Swayne May 12, 1881 Garfield
41 Horace Gray Clifford December 20, 1881 Arthur
42 Samuel Blatchford Hunt March 22, 1882
43 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar Woods January 16, 1888 Cleveland
44 David Josiah Brewer Matthews December 18, 1889 B. Harrison
45 Henry Billings Brown Miller December 29, 1890
46 George Shiras, Jr. Bradley July 26, 1892
47 Howell Edmunds Jackson Lamar February 18, 1893
48 Edward Douglass White Blatchford February 19, 1894 Cleveland*
49 Rufus Wheeler Peckham Jackson December 9, 1895
50 Joseph McKenna Field January 21, 1898 McKinley
51 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.[1] Gray December 4, 1902 T. Roosevelt
52 William R. Day Shiras February 23, 1903
53 William Henry Moody Brown December 12, 1906
54 Horace Harmon Lurton Peckham December 20, 1909 Taft*
55 Charles Evans Hughes Brewer May 2, 1910
56 Willis Van Devanter White December 15, 1910
57 Joseph Rucker Lamar Moody December 15, 1910
58 Mahlon Pitney Harlan March 13, 1912
59 James Clark McReynolds Lurton August 29, 1914 Wilson
60 Louis Brandeis Lamar June 1, 1916
61 John Hessin Clarke Hughes July 24, 1916
62 George Sutherland Clarke September 5, 1922 Harding*
63 Pierce Butler Day December 21, 1922
64 Edward Terry Sanford Pitney January 29, 1923
65 Harlan Fiske Stone McKenna February 5, 1925 Coolidge
66 Owen Josephus Roberts Sanford May 20, 1930 Hoover*
67 Benjamin N. Cardozo Holmes February 24, 1932
68 Hugo Black Van Devanter August 17, 1937 F. Roosevelt*
69 Stanley Forman Reed Sutherland January 25, 1938
70 Felix Frankfurter Cardozo January 17, 1939
71 William O. Douglas Brandeis April 4, 1939
72 Frank Murphy Butler January 16, 1940
73 James F. Byrnes McReynolds June 12, 1941
74 Robert H. Jackson Stone July 7, 1941
75 Wiley Blount Rutledge Byrnes February 8, 1943
76 Harold Hitz Burton Roberts September 19, 1945 Truman*
77 Tom C. Clark Murphy August 18, 1949
78 Sherman Minton Rutledge October 4, 1949
79 John Marshall Harlan II Jackson March 16, 1955 Eisenhower*
80 William J. Brennan[1] Minton March 19, 1957
81 Charles Evans Whittaker Reed March 19, 1957
82 Potter Stewart[1] Burton May 5, 1959
83 Byron White Whittaker April 11, 1962 Kennedy
84 Arthur Goldberg Frankfurter September 25, 1962
85 Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11, 1965 L. Johnson
86 Thurgood Marshall Clark August 30, 1967
87 Harry Blackmun Fortas May 12, 1970 Nixon*
88 Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. Black December 6, 1971
89 William Rehnquist Harlan December 10, 1971
90 John Paul Stevens Douglas December 17, 1975 Ford
91 Sandra Day O'Connor Stewart September 21, 1981 Reagan*
92 Antonin Scalia Rehnquist September 17, 1986
93 Anthony Kennedy Powell February 3, 1988
94 David Souter Brennan October 2, 1990 G. H. W. Bush
95 Clarence Thomas Marshall October 15, 1991
96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg White August 3, 1993 Clinton
97 Stephen Breyer Blackmun July 29, 1994
98 Samuel Alito O'Connor January 31, 2006 G. W. Bush*
99 Sonia Sotomayor Souter August 6, 2009 Obama

Further reading

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Recess appointments are a notable exception. See U.S. v. Woodley 751 F.2d 1008, 10014; Recess appointments to the Supreme Court are exceptionally rare. Only two Chief Justices and six Associate Justices have received recess appointments, and only John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed by the Senate. The last President to make a recess appointment to the Supreme Court was Dwight D. Eisenhower.
  2. ^ "salaries". House.gov. http://www.house.gov/daily/salaries.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-31.

External links

Categories: Supreme Court of the United States | United States federal judges

 

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