Structure is a fundamental if sometimes intangible notion referring to the recognition, observation Observation is either an activity of a living being , consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during this activity, nature Nature is a word used in two major sets of ways, which are inter-connected in a complex way, for reasons related to the history of science, epistemology and metaphysics, particularly in Western Civilization, and stability of patterns A pattern, from the French patron, is a type of theme of recurring events or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of a set. These elements repeat in a predictable manner. It can be a template or model which can be used to generate things or parts of a thing, especially if the things that are created have enough in common for the underlying and relationships of entities An entity is something that has a distinct, separate existence, though it need not be a material existence. In particular, abstractions and legal fictions are usually regarded as entities. In general, there is also no presumption that an entity is animate. Entities are used in system developmental models that display communications and internal. From a child's verbal description of a snowflake Snow is a type of precipitation within the Earth's atmosphere in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes that fall from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure. Snowflakes come in a variety of, to the detailed scientific analysis Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of of the properties of magnetic fields Magnetic fields surround magnetic materials and electric currents and are detected by the force they exert on other magnetic materials and moving electric charges. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude ; as such it is a vector field, the concept of structure is now often an essential foundation of nearly every mode of inquiry and discovery in science Science is, in its broadest sense, any systematic knowledge that is capable of resulting in a correct prediction or reliable outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique, technology, or practice, philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word "philosophy" comes from the, and art Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging symbolic elements in a way that influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a.[1] In early 20th-century and earlier thought, form Form refers to the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of an object often plays a role comparable to that of structure in contemporary thought. The neo-Kantianism Neo-Kantianism refers broadly to a revived type of philosophy along the lines of that laid down by Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century, or more specifically by Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy in his work The World as Will and Representation , as well as by other post-Kantian philosophers such as Jakob Friedrich Fries and of Ernst Cassirer Ernst Cassirer was one of the major figures in the development of philosophical idealism in the first half of the twentieth century. Rooted in the the Marburg tradition of neo-Kantianism, he developed a philosophy of culture as a theory of symbols founded in a phenomenology of knowledge. A German Jew, he fled the Nazis in 1933, leaving his (cf. his Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, completed in 1929 and published in English translation in the 1950s) is sometimes regarded as a precursor of the later shift to structuralism Structuralism is an intellectual movement that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s, in which human culture is analysed semiotically and poststructuralism Post-structuralism primarily encompasses the intellectual developments of certain 20th-century French and continental philosophers and theorists. The movement is difficult to define or summarize, but may be broadly understood as a body of distinct responses to structuralism, which argued that human culture may be understood by means of a structureâ.[2]
The description of structure implicitly offers an account of what a system System is a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming an integrated whole is made of: a configuration of items, a collection of inter-related components or services. A structure may be a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships) or a network featuring many-to-many relationships.
Contents |
Types of structure
Biological structure
Main article: Biological organisation Biological organisation, or the hierarchy of life, is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach. The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from atoms to biospheres. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as ecological organisationIn biology Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy, structures exist at all levels of organization, ranging hierarchically from the atomic The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons . The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain and molecular A molecule is defined as an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to charged organic molecules to the cellular The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular . Other organisms, such as humans,, tissue Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues, organ In biology and anatomy, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function, organismic In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homoeostasis as a stable whole. An organism may either be unicellular (single-celled) or be composed of, as in humans, many trillions of cells grouped into, population A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define the population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Normally breeding is substantially more and ecosystem An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving factors with which they interact; a biological community and its level. Usually, a higher-level structure is composed of multiple copies of a lower-level structure.
Chemical structure
Main article: Chemical structure A chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular geometry can range from the very simple, such as diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules, toChemistry is the science treating matter at the atomic to macromolecular scale, the reactions, transformations and aggregations of matter, as well as accompanying energy and entropy changes during these processes. The chemical structure A chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular geometry can range from the very simple, such as diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules, to refers to both molecular geometry and to electronic structure. The structural formula The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphical representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. There are three common representations used in publications: text, Lewis type and line-angle formula. Also several other of a chemical compound is a graphical representation of the molecular structure showing how the atoms are arranged. A protein structure Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules present in all biological organisms, made up of such elements as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur. All proteins are polymers of amino acids. According to their physical size, proteins are nanoparticles . The polymers, also known as polypeptides, consist of a sequence of 20 is the three dimensional coordinates of the atoms within (macro) molecules made of protein.
Built structure
A structure usually refers to any large, man-made object permanently fixed to Earth's surface or in its orbit, as a result of construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer,. These are divided into buildings Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons and nonbuilding structures Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. The term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water supply, sewers, power grids, telecommunications, and so forth, and make up the infrastructure Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. The term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water supply, sewers, power grids, telecommunications, and so forth of a human society. There are also animal-built structures, such as anthills An ant colony is an underground lair where ants live. Colonies consist of a series of underground chambers, connected to each other and the surface of the earth by small tunnels. There are rooms for nurseries, food storage, and mating. The colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt in their mandibles and and beaver The beaver is a primarily nocturnal, large, semi-aquatic rodent. Castor includes two extant species, North American Beaver (Castor canadensis) (native to North America) and European Beaver (Castor fiber) (Eurasia). Beavers are known for building dams, canals, and lodges (homes). They are the second-largest rodent in the world (after the capybara) dams.
Structures built by humans are broadly divided into categories because of their varying design approaches and standards:
- Residential buildings
- Commercial buildings and complexes
- Industrial buildings, sites and installations
- Civil constructions
- Network infrastructure constructions
Musical composition
Music is an art form consisting of sound and silence expressed through time. The term musical form The term musical form is often loosely used to refer to particular musical genres or styles , which may be determined by factors such as harmonic language, typical rhythms, types of musical instrument used as well as historical and geographical origins. In the vocabulary of art-music, however, it has a more extended meaning, referring to the type, a type of structure, refers to two related concepts:
- the type of composition (for example, a musical work can have the form of a symphony, a concerto, or other generic type)
- the structure of a particular piece (for example, a piece can be written in binary form, sonata form, as a fugue, etc.)
Social structure
Main article: Social structure Social structure is a term used in the social sciences to refer to patterned social arrangements which form the society as a whole, and which determine, to some varying degree, the actions of the individuals socialised into that structure. Whereas 'structure' refers to "the macro", "agency" refers to "the micro"A social structure is a pattern of relations. They are social organizations An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word itself is derived from the Greek word organon, itself derived from the better-known word ergon of individuals in various life situations. Structures are applicable to people in how a society is as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships. This is known as the social organization of the group. Sociologists have studied the changing structure of these groups. Structure and agency The debate concerning the primacy of structure and agency on human thought and behaviour is one of the central issues in sociology, political science, and the other social sciences. In this context, "agency" refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. "Structure", by contrast, are two confronted theories about human behaviour. The debate surrounding the influence of structure and agency on human thought is one of the central issues in sociology. In this context "agency" refers to the capacity of individual humans to act independently and to make their own free choices. "Structure" here refers to those factors such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, customs etc. which seem to limit or influence the opportunities that individuals have.
Data structure
Main article: Data structure In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficientlyIn computer science Computer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information. Computer science, a data structure is a way of storing data The term data refers to groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient In computer science, efficiency is used to describe properties of an algorithm relating to how much of various types of resources it consumes. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineering productivity for a repeating or continuous process, where the goal is to reduce resource consumption, including time to completion, to algorithm In mathematics, computer science, and related subjects, an algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract In computing, an abstract data type or abstract data structure is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics. An abstract data type is defined indirectly, only by the operations that may be performed on it and by data type In computer programming, a data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, such as floating-point, integer, or Boolean, stating the possible values for that type, the operations that can be done on that type, and the way the values of that type are stored. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented in a programming Computer programming is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging / troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The code may be a modification of an existing source or something completely new. The purpose of programming is to create a program that language A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication as data types In computer programming, a data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data, such as floating-point, integer, or Boolean, stating the possible values for that type, the operations that can be done on that type, and the way the values of that type are stored and the references (e.g. relationships, links and pointers) and operations that are possible with them.
Structures are not only represented in the memory space allocated to a program. They are also embedded in relational database designs. These are referred to as Structure Tables. They are a generic way of storing the data of tree information, often found in modern commercial planning and On-line Analytical Processing software products. (e.g. Arthur planning system, the Merchandise Planning System from I2, Pyramid, and Cubes from Microsoft and Oracle.) In the structure of these products, Variable Measures are stored at the intersections of Member objects found in the Levels of tree Hierarchies of multiple Dimensions. User Defined Attributes can be associated with the members in a dimension. This allows dynamic analysis and aggregation at desired level of the data. These meta data structure tables could be named as follows:
| Table Name | Key Columns | Data Columns | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| DIMENSION | DIM_NO | DESCRIPTION | A single Dimension has Members in Levels arranged into Hierarchies (Like an inverted tree) |
| MEMBER | DIM_NO, MEM_NO, LEV_NO | DESCRIPTION | A Member has User Defined Attributes and belongs to a Dimension; It has (Parent, Ancestor, Child, Descendant) Members unless it is the single top Member or a bottom Level Member. Members are unique in a dimension. Members are also unique in a level. A Member can not exist in two levels. |
| LEVEL | DIM_NO, LEV_NO | DESCRIPTION | A Level belongs to one Hierarchy or more in a dimension; It has (Parent, Ancestor, Child, Descendant) Levels in its Dimension. Levels are unique in a dimension. |
| HIERARCHY ( Hierarchy ) | DIM_NO, HIER_NO | DESCRIPTION | Multiple Hierarchies belong to a single Dimension and can have Convergent Levels (i.e. that are the same in each Hierarchy) of that Dimension. Hierarchies are unique in a dimension. |
| LEVEL_RELATIONSHIP | DIM_NO, HIER_NO, PARENT_LEV, CHILD_LEV | ~ | A Level Relationship represents a pair of vertically adjacent Levels in a Hierarchy of a Dimension, one superior, the other subordinate. No superior Level may have more than one directly subordinate child Level in the same Hierarchy of a Dimension. Level Relationships are unique in a Hierarchy of a Dimension. |
| MEMBER_RELATIONSHIP | DIM_NO, HIER_NO, PARENT_MEM, CHILD_MEM | ~ | A Member Relationship is a pair of vertically adjacent Members from vertically adjacent Levels in a Hierarchy of a Dimension. No Member may share a Child with another Member in the same Hierarchy of a Dimension. No Member my have a child in its own level. Member Relationships are unique in a Hierarchy of a Dimension and unique in a dimension. |
| ATTRIBUTE | DIM_NO, LEV_NO, ATTRIBUTE | DESCRIPTION | An Attribute is attached to a Level of a Dimension. Attributes are unique in a Level of a Dimension. Attributes have definable data-type constrictions. |
| ATTRIBUTE_VALUES | DIM_NO, MEM_NO, ATTRIBUTE | ATTRIBUTE_VALUE | Attribute-values are attached to a Member of a Dimension. the Values of an Attribute must conform the the Attribute data-type constraint. |
| MEASURE | MEASURE | DESCRIPTION | Measures are unique and represent empirical data which can be used as input to derive other data via functions. Measures have data-type constraints. |
| CUBE_DEFINITION | DIM_1, ... ..., DIM_n, DIM_1_TOP_MEM, ... ..., DIM_n_TOP_MEM, DIM_1_BOT_LEV, ... ..., DIM_n_BOT_LEV | DESCRIPTION | Cubes may represent any sub-section of intersections between any Dimensions and Measures are stored there. Cubes are defined by a single top member for each intersecting dimension and a single bottom level for each intersecting dimension. Where multiple measures have the same key, they can be stored on the same row of the Cube. |
| CUBE_1, ... | DIM_1,... ...DIM_n, DIM_1_MEMBER, ... ..., DIM_n_MEMBER | MEASURE_1, ... ..., MEASURE_n | A cube is a collection of Variable-Measure-Values, all stored on the Keys of the intersections of the Dimensions that the Cube represents. |
| ..., CUBE_n | DIM_1, ... ..., DIM_n, MEMBER_1, ... ..., MEMBER_n | MEASURE_1, ... ..., MEASURE_n | A cube is a collection of Variable-Measure-Values stored on the Key of the intersection of the Dimensions it represents. |
A great advantage of storing the structures and measures data in a relational database, is that it can quickly and easily be maintained by writing programs in the native SQL and SQL extension protocol/language of the native database by maintenance programmers. Since these tools are easy to use and there is an ANSI standard for the SQL, database portability can also be facilitated. An API can be developed to support navigation of the Structures and Cubes.
Structure functions most probably required are as follows: First_dimension() Next_dimension() Dimension_name() First_hierarchy() Next_hierarchy() Hierarchy_name() Top_level() Next_level() Bottom_level() Parent_level() Child_level() Top_member() Parent_member() First_child_member() Next_child_member() Ancestor_member_in_level() Descendant_member_in_level() First_peer_member() Next_peer_member() First_attribute_of_member() Next_attribute_of_member() etc.
Cube functions most probably required are as follows: Value_of_member_at_intersection_of cube() Sum_of_children_of_member_for_measure() Sum_of_children_of_member_in_dimension_for_measure() Contribution_of_member_for_measure() Portion_of_parent_member_for_measure() etc.
These functions can be implemented in the relational database as stored procedures and can also be implemented for use in-memory. If both are implemented, then a suit of functions for storing and loading cubes must be implemented. In a three tier client server design, the cube resides in the memory of a Cube service. A presentation layer service connects to the Cube service. A database service connects the Cube service and the database engine service and converts from the in-memory format to the in-database format of the specific database and database-language required.
See also
- Crystal structure
- Data structure
- Mathematical structure
- Nonbuilding structure
- Primary structure
- Protein structure
- Quaternary structure
- Secondary structure
- Structural geology
- Tertiary structure
|
Sat, 04 Sep 2010 04:13:02 GMT+00:00
and function of proteins Helium They are also critical in salt bridges, which can provide some stability to protein structure and interactions. Hydrophobic - These nonpolar amino acids ...
2168px x 1679px | 178.90kB
[source page]
It should be placed in scripts and is invoked like this erb structure erb > structure dot neato structure dot Tpng o structure png Sample graphs My own ecommerce system http flgr 0x42 net structure structure png technoweenie s comics portal http flgr 0x42 net structure comiclog structure png danp s integrated user account manager http
Sun, 21 Oct 2007 00:00:00 PDT
Long demo of the conversation structure in Mass Effect. This is an unedited conversation scene unlike what you usually see. Check it out.. gamespot.com.
By
ue, 24 Aug 2010 15:07:09 GM
Monmouth Park's post-Labor Day meet will offer higher average daily purses than originally projected, officials at the New Jersey racetrack said Aug. 24.
