[[File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Lady Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998). The Nature of the Judicial Process The Nature of the Judicial Process was written by Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and New York Court of Appeals Chief Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo in 1921. It was compiled from The Storrs Lectures delivered at Yale Law School. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Feinberg, Kenneth, Jack Kress, Gary McDowell, and Warren E. Burger (1986). The High Cost and Effect of Litigation, 3 vols.
- Frank, Jerome (1985). Law and the Modern Mind. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.
- Levi, Edward H. (1949) An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Marshall, Thurgood (2001). Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
- McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson (2005). The American Supreme Court, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Miller, Arthur S. (1985). Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Tribe, Laurence (1985). God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History. New York: Random House.
- Zelermyer, William (1977). The Legal System in Operation. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998). The Nature of the Judicial Process The Nature of the Judicial Process was written by Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and New York Court of Appeals Chief Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo in 1921. It was compiled from The Storrs Lectures delivered at Yale Law School. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Feinberg, Kenneth, Jack Kress, Gary McDowell, and Warren E. Burger (1986). The High Cost and Effect of Litigation, 3 vols.
- Frank, Jerome (1985). Law and the Modern Mind. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.
- Levi, Edward H. (1949) An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Marshall, Thurgood (2001). Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
- McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson (2005). The American Supreme Court, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Miller, Arthur S. (1985). Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Tribe, Laurence (1985). God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History. New York: Random House.
- Zelermyer, William (1977). The Legal System in Operation. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Justice|Justitia]], symbol of the judiciary. [1][2]]]
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system or judicature) is the system of courts A court is a body, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes and dispense civil, criminal, or administrative justice in accordance with rules of law. In common law and civil law states, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to which interprets and applies the law Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related in the name of the sovereign Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and questioned throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day, or state A sovereign state, commonly simply referred to as a state, is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states,. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes One could theoretically include violence or even war as part of this spectrum, but dispute resolution practitioners do not usually do so; violence rarely ends disputes effectively, and indeed, often only escalates them.[citation needed] Some individuals, notably Joseph Stalin, have stated that all problems emanate from man, and absent man, no. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers The separation of powers, also known as trias politica, is a model for the governance of democratic states. The model was first developed in ancient Greece and came into widespread use by the Roman Republic as part of the uncodified Constitution of the Roman Republic. Under this model, the state is divided into branches or estates, each with, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case.
This branch of government is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law Equal justice under law is a phrase engraved on the front of the United States Supreme Court building in Washington D.C. This phrase was apparently first written in 1932 by the architectural firm that designed the building. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes subsequently approved this inscription, as did the United States Supreme Court Building. It usually consists of a court of final appeal (called the "supreme court A supreme court is in some jurisdictions the highest judicial body within that jurisdiction's court system, whose rulings are not subject to further review by another court. The designations for such courts differ among jurisdictions. Courts of last resort typically function primarily as appellate courts, hearing appeals from the lower trial" or "constitutional court A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether or not laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether or not they conflict with constitutionally established rights and freedoms"), together with lower courts.
The judicial branch has the power to change laws.
The term "judiciary" is also used to refer collectively to the personnel, such as judges A judge, or arbiter of justice, is a lead official who presides over a court of law, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court, magistrates A magistrate is a judicial officer; in ancient Rome, the word magistratus denoted one of the highest government officers with judicial and executive powers. Today, in common law systems, a magistrate has limited law enforcement and administration authority. In civil law systems, a magistrate might be a judge in a superior court; the magistrate's and other adjudicators, who form the core of a judiciary (sometimes referred to as a "bench Bench in legal contexts means simply the location in a courtroom where a judge sits. The historical roots of that meaning come from the fact that judges formerly sat on long seats or benches when presiding over a court. In modern courtrooms, the bench is usually an elevated desk area that allows a judge to view the entire courtroom (see photo at"), as well as the staffs who keep the system running smoothly.
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Seattle Post Intelligencer
ap writer seattle -- The judiciary in Washington is exempt from public disclosure requirements under the state's Public Records Act, ...
Washington judiciary declares itself exempt from open records law Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
UPDATED: State Supreme Court: judiciary's documents are not public records The Olympian
Supreme Court rules judiciary not subject to public records act Seattle Post Global
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An empty seat in front of the House Committee on the Judiciary View Larger Reuters Kevin Lamarque
